Binding agent and olfaction sensor

ABSTRACT

A vehicle system includes: a blower configured to draw air from within a passenger cabin of a vehicle through an inlet; a binding agent source configured to flow a binding agent into the air; and a sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow, the sensor configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a measured characteristic of particulate at the sensor and a predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/067,928, filed on Aug. 20, 2020. The entire disclosure of the application referenced above is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to vehicles and more particularly to systems and methods for use of a binding agent with an olfaction sensor.

BACKGROUND

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

Vehicles have been recalled due to carbon monoxide entering their passenger cabins and for other reasons. Humans may be overcome by carbon monoxide and lose consciousness.

There may be numerous other situations where chemicals could be present within a passenger cabin of a vehicle. For example, a user may bring an aerosol can in to the passenger cabin of a vehicle and forget to take it out. Due to heat or cold, the aerosol can could emit its contents into the passenger cabin. One or more users could enter the vehicle later and breathe the contents without knowledge.

Electric vehicles include one or more batteries that contain chemicals, such as lithium. The batteries may be located under the passenger cabin and, under some circumstances, can rupture and emit chemicals. Some chemicals that may be present within a passenger cabin of a vehicle may be odorless and colorless.

SUMMARY

In a feature, a vehicle system includes: a blower configured to draw air from within a passenger cabin of a vehicle through an inlet; a binding agent source configured to flow a binding agent into the air; and a sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow, the sensor configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a measured characteristic of particulate at the sensor and a predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.

In further features, the sensor is further configured to determine a type of the smoke within the passenger cabin based on the measured characteristic of the particulate at the sensor and the predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes mass.

In further features, an output control module is configured to control the binding agent source to flow a predetermined mass of the binding agent into the air, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between a mass of the particulate and the predetermined mass of the binding agent.

In further features: an output control module is configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent into the air; and a second sensor is configured to measure a second mass of the binding agent introduced, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between (a) the mass of the combination of particulate and binding agent and (b) the second mass of binding agent.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes a mass flow rate of the particulate at the sensor.

In further features, an output control module is configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent into the air at a predetermined mass flowrate, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between (a) the mass flowrate of the combination of particulate and binding agent and (b) the predetermined mass flowrate of binding agent.

In further features: an output control module is configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent into the air; and a second sensor configured to measure a second mass flowrate of the binding agent introduced, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between (a) the second mass flowrate of the combination of particulate and binding agent; and (b) the second mass flowrate of binding agent.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes a dimension of the particulate at the sensor.

In further features, an output control module is configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent of a predetermined dimension into the air, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the dimension measured by the sensor and the predetermined dimension of the binding agent.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes one of a color of the particulate at the sensor, an amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the particulate at the sensor, an electromagnetic field (EMF) of the particulate at the sensor, and a flow path at the sensor.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes color and the vehicle system further comprises an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent of a predetermined color into the air, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the color measured by the sensor and the predetermined color.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes the amount of UV radiation and the vehicle system further comprises an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent having a predetermined UV radiation into the air, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the UV radiation measured by the sensor and the predetermined UV radiation.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes the EMF and the vehicle system further comprises an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent having a predetermined EMF into the air, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the EMF measured by the sensor and the predetermined EMF.

In further features, a second sensor is disposed upstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow and configured to measure a second measured characteristic of particulate at the second sensor, where the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin further based on the second measured characteristic.

In further features, the binding agent source includes a container storing the binding agent and one of an injector, a mister, and an evaporator.

In a feature, a vehicle system includes: a blower configured to draw air from within a passenger cabin of a vehicle through an inlet; a binding agent source configured to flow a binding agent into the air; and a sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source and configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air within the passenger cabin based on a measured characteristic of volatile organic compounds at the sensor and a predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.

In further features, the sensor is further configured to determine a type of the smoke within the passenger cabin based on the measured characteristic of the volatile organic compounds at the sensor and the predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.

In further features, the measured characteristic includes one of a mass, a mass flow rate, a dimension, a color, an amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, an electromagnetic field (EMF), and a flow path.

In further features, the binding agent source includes a container storing the binding agent and one of an injector, a mister, and an evaporator.

Further areas of applicability of the present disclosure will become apparent from the detailed description, the claims and the drawings. The detailed description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

DRAWINGS

The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of an example vehicle system.

FIG. 2 is a diagram including an example olfaction sensor system of a vehicle.

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of an example control system.

Corresponding reference numerals indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views of the drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings.

A vehicle may include an olfaction sensor that measures the amount of smoke within a passenger cabin of the vehicle. Examples of olfaction sensors include VOC sensors, carbon monoxide sensors, and particulate sensors. Olfaction sensors may, however, have difficulty measuring an amount of smoke within the passenger cabin of the vehicle.

The present application involves introducing a binding agent into air from the passenger cabin. The binding agent combines with smoke in the air and changes one or more characteristics when combined with smoke. For example, a change may occur in mass, mass flow rate, one or more dimensions, ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic force (EMF), color, etc. The olfaction sensor determines the amount of smoke based on one or more characteristics of the air measured by the olfaction sensor relative to the one or more characteristics of the binding agent itself.

FIG. 1 includes a functional block diagram including an example vehicle 5. The vehicle 5 includes a control module 8 and one or more olfaction sensors, such as olfaction sensor 10. Examples of olfaction sensors in vehicles include, for example, particulate matter sensors, carbon monoxide (or other carbon oxide) sensors, volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, and other types of olfaction sensors. The vehicle 5 may include one or more different types of olfaction sensors.

The olfaction sensor(s) are each configured to measure an amount of one or more chemicals within a passenger cabin of the vehicle 5. For example, the vehicle 5 may include a particulate matter sensor configured to measure one or more amounts (e.g., concentrations or mass flow rates) of particulate of one or more different sizes in air within the passenger cabin. Additionally or alternatively, the vehicle 5 may include a carbon monoxide sensor configured to measure an amount (e.g., concentration) of carbon monoxide in air within the passenger cabin. Additionally or alternatively, the vehicle 5 may include a VOC sensor configured to measure an amount (e.g., concentration) of VOCs within the passenger cabin.

The control module 8 may receive the measurements from the olfaction sensor(s) and take one or more remedial actions based on the measurements. For example, when one or more amount of one or more chemicals (e.g., particulate, carbon monoxide, VOCs) measured by one or more olfaction sensors is/are greater than one or more respective predetermined amount/s (e.g., of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, or VOCs, respectively), the control module 8 may take one or more remedial actions. The predetermined amount/s is/are greater than zero.

For example, the control module 8 may open one or more windows 12 of the vehicle 5 when the amount of a chemical is greater than the predetermined amount. Additionally or alternatively, the control module 8 may generate an alert within the vehicle 5 when the amount of a chemical is greater than the predetermined amount. For example, the control module 8 may generate or display a visual alert, such as via a visual indicator 14 that is visible within the passenger cabin of the vehicle 5. The visual indicator 14 may be, for example, one or more indicator lights, a display, or another suitable type of visual indicator. Additionally or alternatively, the control module 8 may output an audible alert, such as via one or more speakers. Additionally or alternatively, the control module 8 may output a tactile alert, such as via turning on one or more vibrating devices, such as located in one or more seats, in a steering wheel, or in another suitable location.

Additionally or alternatively, the control module 8 may turn on a heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system 16 of the vehicle 5 when the amount of a chemical is greater than the predetermined amount. The control module 8 may, for example, turn on a blower of the HVAC system 16 and control one or more actuators of the HVAC system 16 to recirculate air from within the passenger cabin to outside of the passenger cabin. This is discussed in more detail below.

Additionally or alternatively, the control module 8 may store an indicator in memory of the vehicle when the amount of a chemical is greater than the predetermined amount. The indicator may indicate that the amount of the chemical was greater than the predetermined amount. The control module 8 may also store a time stamp (e.g., including a date and a time of the occurrence) with the indicator.

Additionally or alternatively, the control module 8 may transmit an indicator to a remote device 20, such as of a fleet operator, when the amount of a chemical is greater than the predetermined amount. The control module 8 may transmit the indicator via one or more communication networks, such as a cellular communication network, a satellite communication network, a Wi-Fi communication network, or another suitable type of communication network.

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of an example implementation of an olfaction sensor system, such as an olfaction sensor 100. The olfaction sensor system may be implemented within the HVAC system 16 (e.g., in a duct of the HVAC system 16) or in another location within the passenger cabin of the vehicle 5. As discussed above, the vehicle 5 may include multiple olfaction sensors.

Smoke (e.g., tobacco smoke) in air may be difficult to measure by an olfaction sensor. The present application involves introducing a binding agent that binds with smoke in air that makes the smoke more easily measurable/detectable by an olfaction sensor. A predetermined (known) amount of the binding agent may be introduced. The amount of smoke present may be detected by measuring the combined amounts of smoke and binding agent and subtracting the known amount of the binding agent introduced.

The binding agent may be a particle (solid, liquid, or gas) that binds with the smoke particles. Once bound to smoke, the combination (binding agent and smoke) may fall in a predetermined range (e.g., size, mass, etc.) that other types of particulates would not interfere with reading/measuring. Higher contrast between smoke and other constituents is provided by combining smoke particulates with another particulate (the binding agent). The binding agent may, for example, adhere to the smoke, electrostatically bind to smoke, change a color of the smoke, cause a ultraviolet (UV) shift in the smoke, cause a change in electromagnetic force (EMF) of the smoke, etc.

In various implementations, the binding agent may be a protein that binds to a specific VOC (e.g., of smoke). The combined protein structure can be detected by another type of sensor, agent, or biologic mechanism.

As stated above, air within the vehicle may include smoke, such as when a passenger within the passenger cabin is smoking a cigarette, cigar, pipe, or other type of smoking device including electronic smoking devices and conventional smoking devices. Air may be drawn through an inlet 104 for measurement of an amount of smoke (e.g., a particular VOC) in the air.

For example, a blower 108 may draw air through the inlet 104 and to a sensor 112 (e.g., a VOC sensor or a particulate matter sensor). While FIG. 2 includes the example of the blower 108 drawing air to the sensor 112, the blower 108 may be located in another suitable location. For example, the blower 108 may be implemented upstream of the sensor 112 and blow air to the sensor 112. After measurement, the air may exit through an outlet 116.

A binding agent source 120 adds a binding agent to the air upstream of the sensor 112 such that the sensor 112 receives a combination of the binding agent and smoke. For example, the binding agent source may inject the binding agent into the air.

The binding agent may be, for example, an aerosol, a liquid, a vapor, a gas, a solid, a protein, a combination of two or more of the above, or another suitable type of material that combines with, binds with, or otherwise changes one or more characteristics of smoke in air. The binding agent source 120 may include a supply of the binding agent (e.g., a container storing the binding agent) and a device that provides the binding agent, such as an injector, a mister (e.g., ultrasonic, sonic, etc.), or another suitable type device that outputs, adds, injects, or flows binding agent to air. In another example, the binding agent source 120 provides (e.g., drips) liquid binding agent onto a substrate where the binding agent evaporates.

An output control module 124 controls the output of the binding agent by the binding agent source 120. The output control module 124 may, for example, control opening of a valve of the binding agent source 120 or whether the binding agent source 120 is on (and outputting binding agent) or off (and not outputting binding agent).

In various implementations, the output control module 124 may control the binding agent source 120 to output a predetermined amount (e.g., mass) of the binding agent. The predetermined amount is greater than zero and may be calibrated and set, for example, to completely combine with a predetermined maximum possible amount of smoke present in air. In various implementations, the output control module 124 may control the binding agent source 120 to output the binding agent for a predetermined period. The predetermined period is greater than zero seconds and may be calibrated and set, for example, based on a period for accurate measurement by the sensor 112. The predetermined period may be set to cause the predetermined amount of binding agent to be introduced. In various implementations, the output control module 124 may control the binding agent source 120 to output the binding agent at a predetermined mass flow rate. The predetermined mass flow rate is greater than zero and may be calibrated.

In various implementations, a sensor 128 may be implemented (e.g., within the binding agent source 120) and measure an amount of binding agent introduced. In this case, the measured amount of binding agent introduced may be used in place of a predetermined amount of binding agent (e.g., mass, mass flowrate, etc.).

The binding agent causes one or more changes to smoke (e.g., in size/dimension, color, mass, mass flow rate, UV characteristic, EMF, etc.) in the air. The size/dimension may be, for example, a length, width, height, volume, area, radius, diameter, circumference, etc. The UV characteristic may be an amount of UV radiation. The EMF may be, for example, a magnitude of EMF generated and/or a polarity. Flow path is another example. Binding agent that is not bound with smoke may move in one flow path (e.g., less vibratory, smaller vertical displacement due to gravity, less circularly, etc.) while binding agent bound with smoke may move in a different flow path (e.g., more vibratory, larger vertical displacement due to gravity, more circularly, etc.).

The sensor 112 measures the combination of smoke and binding agent if any smoke is present in the air. The sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on one or more characteristics of the combination. The sensor 112 may also determine the type of smoke in the air (e.g., tobacco, marijuana, etc.) based on one or more measured characteristics of the combination.

For example, in the example of mass, the sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on the amount of the combination and the predetermined amount of binding agent added. The sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air, for example, using one of a lookup table and an equation that relates amounts of the combination to amounts of smoke in the air. For example, the sensor 112 may set the amount of smoke based on or equal to the mass of the combination minus the predetermined amount (mass) of the binding agent added. The sensor 112 may determine the type of smoke in the air, for example, using one of a lookup table and an equation that relates amounts of the combination to types of smoke in the air. In this example, the sensor 112 may include a mass sensor. For example, a mass flow rate sensor may measure a mass flow rate, and a mathematical integral of the mass flow rate may be used to determine the mass.

In the example of mass flow rate, the sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on the mass flow rate of the combination and the predetermined mass flow rate of binding agent added. The sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air, for example, using one of a lookup table and an equation that relates mass flow rate of the combination to mass flow rate of smoke in the air. For example, the sensor 112 may set the amount of smoke based on or equal to the mass flow rate of the combination minus the predetermined mass flow rate of the binding agent added. In this example, the sensor 112 may include a mass flow rate sensor.

In the example of color, UV, or EMF, the binding agent may have predetermined known characteristics in terms of color, UV, or EMF. The sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on the color of the combination relative to the color of the binding agent itself. The sensor 112 may determine the type of smoke in the air based on the color of the combination relative to the color of the binding agent itself. In the example of color, the sensor 112 may include an optical sensor, such as a camera.

In the example of UV, the sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on a UV characteristic of the combination relative to a UV characteristic of the binding agent itself. The sensor 112 may determine the type of smoke in the air based on a UV characteristic of the combination relative to a UV characteristic of the binding agent. In this example, the sensor 112 may be a UV sensor or a camera.

In the example of EMF, the sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on an EMF of the combination relative to an EMF of the binding agent itself. The sensor 112 may determine the type of smoke in the air based on an EMF of the combination relative to an EMF of the binding agent itself. In the example of EMF, the sensor 112 may include an EMF sensor.

In the example of flow path, the sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air based on a measured path of the combination relative to a predetermined flow path of the binding agent itself.

Stated generally, the sensor 112 may determine that a greater amount of smoke is present in the air as the characteristic of the combination deviates further from the characteristic of the binding agent itself, and vice versa.

By introducing binding agent, smoke in the air can be more easily detected and measured and identified by the sensor 112.

In various implementations, an upstream sensor 132 may be implemented upstream of the binding agent source 120 and measure the characteristic of air before the introduction of the binding agent. The upstream sensor 132 may measure the characteristic of the air before introduction of the binding agent. The sensor 112 may determine the amount of smoke in the air further based on the measurement from the upstream sensor 132.

FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram of an example implementation of a control system. As discussed above, one or more olfaction sensors may be included, such as at least one of a VOC sensor, a particulate matter sensor, and a carbon monoxide sensor. The olfaction sensor 100 of FIG. 3 may be a VOC sensor, a particulate matter sensor, or a carbon monoxide sensor. In various implementations, the olfaction sensor 100 may include two or more of a VOC sensor, a particulate matter sensor, and a carbon monoxide sensor.

A comparison module 504 compares a measurement from the olfaction sensor 100 with a predetermined value and generates an output signal based on the comparison. The measurement may be, for example, an amount of particulate, an amount of VOCs, or an amount of carbon monoxide. The comparison module 504 may set the output signal to the first state when the measurement is less than the predetermined value and set the output signal to a second state when the measurement is greater than or equal to the predetermined value.

The comparison module 504 may obtain the predetermined value from memory 508. The predetermined value is greater than zero and may be a fixed predetermined value. Alternatively, the predetermined value may be variable. For example, a baseline module 512 may determine a baseline value and set the predetermined value to the baseline value. The baseline module 512 may set the baseline value, for example, based or equal to an average of the measurements from the olfaction sensor 100 taken over a predetermined period, such as a week or a month. An average may be determined by summing the measurements and dividing by the number of measurements summed.

One or more remedial actions may be taken when the output signal of the comparison module 504 is in the second state. For example, a window actuator module 516 controls actuation (opening and closing) of one or more window actuators, such as window actuator 520, of the vehicle. The window actuator 520 opens (e.g., lowers) and closes (e.g., raises) a window of the vehicle. The window actuator module 516 may control one or more window actuators to open one, more than one, or all of the windows of the vehicle when the output signal of the comparison module 504 is in the second state. Opening the window(s) may include, for example, opening the window(s) to a partially open position further than the window(s) is/are presently open or opening the window(s) to a fully open position.

Additionally or alternatively, an alert module 524 may generate an alert (e.g., visually the visual indicator 14, audibly via one or more speakers, and/or haptically via one or more vibrating devices) when the output signal of the comparison module 504 is in the second state. Additionally or alternatively, a blower control module 528 may turn on a blower 532 of the HVAC system when the output signal of the comparison module 504 is in the second state.

Additionally or alternatively, a communication module 540 may wirelessly transmit an indicator to the remote device 20 via one or more antennas 544 when the output signal of the comparison module 504 is in the second state. Additionally or alternatively, a storage module 548 may store an indicator in the memory 508 when the output signal of the comparison module 504 is in the second state. The indicator may indicate that the amount of the chemical was greater than the predetermined value. The storage module 548 may also store a time stamp (e.g., including a date and a time of the occurrence) with the indicator. A clock 552 may track the date and time.

The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure. Individual elements or features of a particular embodiment are generally not limited to that particular embodiment, but, where applicable, are interchangeable and can be used in a selected embodiment, even if not specifically shown or described. The same may also be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the disclosure, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the disclosure.

Example embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope to those who are skilled in the art. Numerous specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example embodiments may be embodied in many different forms and that neither should be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure. In some example embodiments, well-known processes, well-known device structures, and well-known technologies are not described in detail.

In this application, including the definitions below, the terms “module” and “system” may refer to, be part of, or include circuits or circuitry that may include processor hardware (shared, dedicated, or group) that executes code and memory hardware (shared, dedicated, or group) that stores code executed by the processor hardware. The code is configured to provide the features of the modules and systems described herein. In addition, in this application the terms “module” and “system” may be replaced with the term “circuit.” The term “memory hardware” may be a subset of the term computer-readable medium. The term computer-readable medium does not encompass transitory electrical and electromagnetic signals propagating through a medium, and may therefore be considered tangible and non-transitory. Non-limiting examples of a non-transitory tangible computer readable medium include nonvolatile memory, volatile memory, magnetic storage, and optical storage.

The apparatuses and methods described in this application may be partially or fully implemented by a special purpose computer created by configuring a general purpose computer to execute one or more particular functions embodied in computer programs. The functional blocks, flowchart components, and other elements described above serve as software specifications, which can be translated into the computer programs by the routine work of a skilled technician or programmer.

The computer programs include processor-executable instructions that are stored on at least one non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium. The computer programs may also include or rely on stored data. The computer programs may encompass a basic input/output system (BIOS) that interacts with hardware of the special purpose computer, device drivers that interact with particular devices of the special purpose computer, one or more operating systems, user applications, background services, background applications, etc.

The computer programs may include: (i) descriptive text to be parsed, such as JavaScript Object Notation (JSON), hypertext markup language (HTML) or extensible markup language (XML); (ii) assembly code; (iii) object code generated from source code by a compiler; (iv) source code for execution by an interpreter; (v) source code for compilation and execution by a just-in-time compiler, etc. As examples only, source code may be written using syntax from languages including C, C++, C#, Objective C, Haskell, Go, SQL, R, Lisp, Java®, Fortran, Perl, Pascal, Curl, OCaml, Javascript®, HTML5, Ada, ASP (active server pages), PHP, Scala, Eiffel, Smalltalk, Erlang, Ruby, Flash®, Visual Basic®, Lua, and Python®.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular example embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” may be intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. The method steps, processes, and operations described herein are not to be construed as necessarily requiring their performance in the particular order discussed or illustrated, unless specifically identified as an order of performance. It is also to be understood that additional or alternative steps may be employed.

When an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “engaged to,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it may be directly on, engaged, connected or coupled to the other element or layer, or intervening elements or layers may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on,” “directly engaged to,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element or layer, there may be no intervening elements or layers present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.). As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

Although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms may be only used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Terms such as “first,” “second,” and other numerical terms when used herein do not imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the example embodiments.

Spatially relative terms, such as “inner,” “outer,” “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. Spatially relative terms may be intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example term “below” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A vehicle system, comprising: a blower configured to draw air from within a passenger cabin of a vehicle through an inlet; a binding agent source configured to flow a binding agent into the air; and a sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow, the sensor configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a measured characteristic of particulate at the sensor and a predetermined characteristic of the binding agent, wherein the measured characteristic includes one of: mass; a mass flow rate of the particulate at the sensor; and a dimension of the particulate at the sensor.
 2. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the sensor is further configured to determine a type of the smoke within the passenger cabin based on the measured characteristic of the particulate at the sensor and the predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.
 3. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the measured characteristic includes mass, the vehicle system further comprising an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow a predetermined mass of the binding agent into the air, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between a mass of the particulate and the predetermined mass of the binding agent.
 4. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the measured characteristic includes mass, the vehicle system further comprising: an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent into the air; and a second sensor configured to measure a second mass of the binding agent introduced, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between (a) the mass of the combination of particulate and binding agent and (b) the second mass of binding agent.
 5. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the measured characteristic includes a mass flow rate of the particulate at the sensor, the vehicle system further comprising an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent into the air at a predetermined mass flowrate, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between (a) the mass flowrate of the combination of particulate and binding agent and (b) the predetermined mass flowrate of binding agent.
 6. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the measured characteristic includes a mass flow rate of the particulate at the sensor, the vehicle system further comprising: an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent into the air; and a second sensor configured to measure a second mass flowrate of the binding agent introduced, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between (a) the second mass flowrate of the combination of particulate and binding agent; and (b) the second mass flowrate of binding agent.
 7. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the measured characteristic includes a dimension of the particulate at the sensor, the vehicle system further comprising an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent of a predetermined dimension into the air, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the dimension measured by the sensor and the predetermined dimension of the binding agent.
 8. The vehicle system of claim 1 further comprising a second sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow, the second sensor configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a second measured characteristic of particulate at the second sensor and a second predetermined characteristic of the binding agent, wherein the second measured characteristic includes one of a color of the particulate at the sensor, an amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the particulate at the sensor, an electromagnetic field (EMF) of the particulate at the sensor, and a flow path at the sensor.
 9. The vehicle system of claim 8 wherein the second measured characteristic includes color and the vehicle system further comprises an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent of a predetermined color into the air, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the color measured by the sensor and the predetermined color.
 10. The vehicle system of claim 8 wherein the second measured characteristic includes the amount of UV radiation and the vehicle system further comprises an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent having a predetermined UV radiation into the air, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the UV radiation measured by the sensor and the predetermined UV radiation.
 11. The vehicle system of claim 8 wherein the second measured characteristic includes the EMF and the vehicle system further comprises an output control module configured to control the binding agent source to flow the binding agent having a predetermined EMF into the air, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a difference between the EMF measured by the sensor and the predetermined EMF.
 12. The vehicle system of claim 1 further comprising a second sensor disposed upstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow and configured to measure a second measured characteristic of particulate at the second sensor, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin further based on the second measured characteristic.
 13. The vehicle system of claim 1 wherein the binding agent source includes a container storing the binding agent and one of an injector, a mister, and an evaporator.
 14. A vehicle system, comprising: a blower configured to draw air from within a passenger cabin of a vehicle through an inlet; a binding agent source configured to flow a binding agent into the air; and a sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source and configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air within the passenger cabin based on a measured characteristic of volatile organic compounds at the sensor and a predetermined characteristic of the binding agent wherein the measured characteristic includes one of: mass; and a mass flow rate of volatile organic compounds at the sensor.
 15. The vehicle system of claim 14 wherein the sensor is further configured to determine a type of the smoke within the passenger cabin based on the measured characteristic of the volatile organic compounds at the sensor and the predetermined characteristic of the binding agent.
 16. The vehicle system of claim 14 wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air within the passenger cabin further based on at least one of a dimension, a color, an amount of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, an electromagnetic field (EMF), and a flow path.
 17. The vehicle system of claim 14 wherein the binding agent source includes a container storing the binding agent and one of an injector, a mister, and an evaporator.
 18. A vehicle system, comprising: a blower configured to draw air from within a passenger cabin of a vehicle through an inlet; a binding agent source configured to flow a binding agent into the air; and a sensor disposed downstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow, the sensor configured to determine an amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin based on a measured characteristic of particulate at the sensor and a predetermined characteristic of the binding agent; and a second sensor disposed upstream of the binding agent source in the direction of airflow and configured to measure a second measured characteristic of particulate at the second sensor, wherein the sensor is configured to determine the amount of smoke in the air from within the passenger cabin further based on the second measured characteristic. 